"Too Many Requests"

- https://web.archive.org/web/20260531130034/https://jbkempf.c...

- https://archive.md/ln5UE

• kaka314

  today at 2:48 PM

  Too much traffic from HN?

  ``` Too Many Requests The page you have tried to access is not available because the owner of the file you are trying to access has exceeded our short term bandwidth limits. Please try again shortly.

  Details: Actioning this file would cause "jbkempf.com//blog/2026/dav2d/" to exceed the per-day file actions limit of 160000 actions, try again later ```

  • BetterThanSober

    today at 3:52 PM

    I don't know if I'm underestimating HN's reach but I doubt we did that, probably traffic from a much bigger aggregator/forum

    • jezzamon

      today at 4:17 PM

      You are underestimating HN's reach, this happens all the time. As someone who has been on the front page of HN it's a pretty big rush in traffic!

      • pstuart

        today at 6:04 PM

        I'd wager that the load is amplified by other sites that treat HN as a goldmine of tasty links.

  • hideout_berlin

    today at 2:59 PM

    i had that too once i used dyndns address my linux apache crashed when some one posted it here

'AV2 decoding is roughly five times more complex than AV1 decoding. In practice, that means software running on today’s hardware will struggle to decode AV2 in real time without careful, architecture-specific optimization'

AV1 software decoding is already very intensive so AV2 decoding benchmarks are the next thing that would be really interesting (or mortifying) to see.

• kmfrk

  today at 2:30 PM

  Intel's Arc dGPUs were really compelling for dedicated AV1 encode and decode, especially the small form factor of some cards. You could even fit it as a secondary card in a PC dedicated to recording and encode workflows for OBS.

  Hope we get a similar option with future lineups that support AV2, especially given how popular video creation and streaming are now.

  • thrownthatway

    today at 4:04 PM

    Is there a compelling reason encoding needs to be done locally?

    The point of encoding is to reduce downstream bandwidth for the viewer, and upstream bandwidth for the distribution network.

    The content creator only needs to upload it once.

    • halJordan

      today at 4:14 PM

      Well yes? The platforms only accept certain resolution/bitrates and also most of America isnt running 1gig up. They're running 5-30 mbps up. So yeah they need to encode it.

    • phkahler

      today at 4:21 PM

      If you don't encode locally as the video is created, you either need to store RAW frames which takes enormous amount of storage, or you use a different format and suffer quality loss by transcending.

    • today at 6:00 PM

    • IshKebab

      today at 4:25 PM

      Video calls & streaming.

      • sysguest

        today at 6:00 PM

        this

        for other cases, I can just wait more for my cpu/gpu/cloud to do the job

• mrbluecoat

  today at 1:22 PM

  I came to post this as well. Until widespread, inexpensive hardware catches up to a 2018 codec, AV# will remain a niche ideal.

  • breve

    today at 1:32 PM

    Hardly niche. My laptop isn't new and it has hardware AV1 decoding and encoding. My 10 year old iPhone 7 can play 1080p AV1 video in software for over 200 minutes with VLC. The iPhone 7 was released in 2016, a year and a half before AV1. The dav1d decoder is mighty.

    Netflix uses AV1: https://netflixtechblog.com/av1-now-powering-30-of-netflix-s...

    YouTube uses AV1. It's tough to be more mainstream than that.

    Right click on a YouTube video and select Stats for Nerds. If your system is capable of it, chances are it will be playing back in AV1.

    Most of the YouTube videos I watch these days are AV1 encodes. Sometimes it's in VP9 and occasionally it's H.264.

    • weiliddat

      today at 2:00 PM

      Supported is different from doing it well though. You do notice the performance hit even on TVs that playback YouTube videos on AV1.

      Even on 1080p videos running on AV1 on 1x, the TV system bogs down and any kind of interaction has a variable 1-3s lag. On some TVs if you do 1.25x the TV automatically "downgrades" the resolution to 480p to avoid dropping frames.

      I wish there was an option to still use VP9 / H.264 on those systems (even limited to 1080p).

      • Dylan16807

        today at 4:48 PM

        More reason to never use the builtin stuff in a tv. Cheap sticks can handle decoding fine.

      • TingPing

        today at 2:50 PM

        Youtube artificially limits the resolution, on mine if you cast the exact same video it doesn’t impose that limit and works fine.

    • jordand

      today at 2:03 PM

      Yeah I could imagine the AV1 codec sticking around for a very long while, even as a fallback for AV2. There's still hundreds of millions of people out there using old/cheap devices (especially in developing countries) where that battery drain from software decoding is a big problem, so AV2 would be nonviable.

      • ZeroGravitas

        today at 3:11 PM

        Some of the early use of VP9 and AV1 was Netflix serving video to people in developing countries. Their metered bandwidth was more of a bottleneck than the CPU playback.

    • sylware

      today at 1:53 PM

      Same. Mostly AV1, sometimes VP9, and rarely h264.

      What's missing mostly: live streams which are h264.

      Currently, and I say currently, dav1d is so fast, no worries on that side.

• jbk

  today at 12:57 PM

  > AV1 software decoding is already very intensive so AV2 decoding benchmarks are the next thing that would be really interesting (or mortifying) to see.

  Yes, this is going to be fun to watch.

A codec spec isn't done until there is at least one decoder developed in the field. So reference + 1. The field implementations often become the de facto spec.

Reading the MPEG1 specs back in the 90s as a child opened my eyes to how to define complex systems. For a media coding standard, they spent most of their time saying how to interpret encoded bytes, which I realized is genius. Be descriptive about decoding and you don't have to be prescriptive about encoding. Encoding is where you can apply all the creativity, but you need to provide a way to have a shared understanding of the encoded bytes.

I thought this was about Dave2D

• ltheanine

  today at 4:22 PM

  Yeah I suppose it’s named after dav1d but still seems like a pretty unfortunate name collision.

• xk9

  today at 5:49 PM

  Exactly

• today at 1:21 PM

• adithyassekhar

  today at 2:11 PM

  Same

• fitzroymckay

  today at 4:57 PM

  same

  ... improvements around 25% compared to AV1

  AV2 decoding is roughly five times more complex than AV1 decoding

• whynotmaybe

  today at 12:57 PM

  I understood it as compression is 25% better : a quality of 10mbps in av1 can be achieved with 8mbps in Av2. But, it needs 5 times more compute power for this 25% gain.

  • today at 1:46 PM

• jbk

  today at 12:56 PM

  > I'm not sure what these two lines mean or if we can compare them, any help?

  AV2 saves 25% bandwidth at the cost of 5x more decoding complexity.

  • 0x1ceb00da

    today at 1:38 PM

    What does "complexity" mean here? Computation required?

    • WD-42

      today at 3:53 PM

      dav1d is the av1 decoder and it’s an insane feat of engineering. Written in assembly, it even eschews the normal c calling convention to get even better performance.

      • IshKebab

        today at 4:29 PM

        The normal C calling convention is really only for cross-binary calls (e.g. between shared libraries). If you're not doing that you can ignore it; it's not a weird thing to do. It would be odd to strictly follow it in assembly and I assume compilers don't either.

    • BillStrong

      today at 2:07 PM

      Yes, much higher computation required to encode it, and decode it, both.

      • Caspy7

        today at 3:21 PM

        He only mentioned decode complexity. Would be interesting to know the average encode complexity compared to AV1.

    • simjnd

      today at 1:50 PM

      Yes

• croes

  today at 12:50 PM

  Smaller files but harder to decode

Seems like the blog succumbed to the HN hug of death (`Actioning this file would cause "jbkempf.com//blog/2026/dav2d/" to exceed the per-day file actions limit of 160000 actions, try again later`), is there a copy available somewhere?

• juliie

  today at 2:39 PM

  it got archived by the wayback machine: https://web.archive.org/web/20260531115337/https://jbkempf.c...

> Make it fast on older desktop, by writing asm for SSSE3+ chips

I guess 5 years ago (around the time when Intel stopped making SSE-only chips) is technically "older", but I wouldn't prioritize avx2 when devices intended for consuming media definitely experience much less pressure to upgrade than workstations…

• otherjason

  today at 2:46 PM

  Almost every Intel CPU released since 2013 has AVX2 support. Some Atom SKUs were longer holdouts, but the fraction of x86 CPUs shipped in the last decade that have AVX2 support is very high.

I would love to see comparisons with AV1 on very low bitrates.

• UnlockedSecrets

  today at 12:52 PM

  Return of the 8MB Shrek encodes?

  • MaxikCZ

    today at 1:26 PM

    https://web.archive.org/web/20210416200451/https://cdn.disco...

    Shrek 1 at 8.34MB including audio.. insane

    • coldpie

      today at 2:09 PM

      Video resolution: 128x72, hahah. Late 90s RealPlayer postage stamp video is back! To its credit, that whole movie is probably smaller than RealPlayer itself was.

    • ant6n

      today at 3:24 PM

      There's a 64MB game boy advance cartridge with shrek on it [1]. Looks pretty horrible [2]. But the GBA only has 16KB fast / 256KB slow RAM, and a 16MHz CPU.

      [1] https://archive.org/details/Shrek-Video-GBA [2] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyOfPZQl4MI

    • GaggiX

      today at 2:09 PM

      I love this, hope to see a AV2 version at 8MB

  • lostmsu

    today at 2:01 PM

    6MB should be enough for everyone!

Is codex working on novel decoders 24/7? I hope

• cozzyd

  today at 3:02 PM

  One would imagine given the name that it would specialize in codecs

Not to be confused with Da4vid (world-class hacker and owner of the Black sun) or D4vd (rap artist and alleged murderer)

• staindk

  today at 1:56 PM

  Or Dave2D, popular tech youtuber

  • tosti

    today at 2:23 PM

    Or dave, the command to start Dangerous Dave.

• JoshTriplett

  today at 2:30 PM

  > Not to be confused with Da4vid (world-class hacker and owner of the Black sun)

  *Da5id

D4vd

[dead]

Sorry if this sounds naive, but does it make sense to write a codec library in C/ASM considering how well Rust is progressing, especially when, as the author puts it, AV2 decoding is roughly five times more complex than AV1 decoding?

• Arodex

  today at 1:02 PM

  The algorithms deployed in these kind of codecs take into account not only human vision and mathematical laws of information, but also nitty-gritty details of how computers work, which are optimally exploited by directly having humans write detailed assembly rather than a compiler make a best guess and effort.

• jbk

  today at 12:57 PM

  Because it's 5 times more complex, you need to get the maximum performance available. Therefore more ASM than ever.

  Rust does not bring more performance. Just more safety.

  • LoganDark

    today at 2:51 PM

    The safety can be worth it in certain cases. Like when handling untrusted input. And it's not just Rust: look at WUFFS for example. WUFFS can actually rival handwritten implementations in certain cases.

    • xp84

      today at 3:56 PM

      Are video codecs in the present day able to be sandboxed? In my fantasies at least I’d like the worst a malicious video file can do is cause garbage output or cause the codec to crash.

      Forgive the ignorance, I have worked entirely in the abstracted layers of the stack, and mostly web.

    • throawayonthe

      today at 3:12 PM

      but not these cases

      • IshKebab

        today at 4:35 PM

        I don't see why not. What makes you think this is unique?

• cogman10

  today at 1:22 PM

  Encoder and decoder writers frequently need extremely fine grain control over SIMD instructions in order to get good performance.

  The way they weave these instructions can be very hard to express with a high level language.

  Further, there's a ton of work with arrays and importantly parts of arrays. They can, for example, need to extract every other element up to 1/2 the array. Unfortunately, rust has runtime array bounds checks which make writing that sort of code slower. The compiler can elade those checks, but usually only in simple cases.

  The authors would be writing a bunch of unsafe rust to get the performance they want and rust makes that more painful on purpose.

  I like rust, but C/ASM really is the right choice here. This is one of the few cases where rust's safety is a major detriment.

• muhbaasu

  today at 1:30 PM

  The ffmpeg devs have said many times in public that they routinely get speedups of 10x or more over C code. I'm not a reputable source on this myself but I highly recommend looking into their channels, mails, or posts.

• nmz

  today at 4:46 PM

  https://youtu.be/nepKKz-MzFM&t=7195

  If you can stand Lex Friedman for a bit, the VLC authors talk about why you use ASM for a video decoder instead of pure C or rust.

• throawayonthe

  today at 3:16 PM

  yes it makes sense to use C/ASM here, but if you're curious, there is a rust port of dav1d named rav1d: https://github.com/memorysafety/rav1d

  it's not much slower than the original C/ASM implementation (last i checked ~5%?) but that matters here

  • stukenov

    today at 6:07 PM

    there's a rav2d now too fwiw — https://github.com/stukenov/rav2d same playbook: safe Rust + asm kernels via FFI. just shipped 0.1.0.

• Telaneo

  today at 12:57 PM

  Go ask FFmpeg what they're writing their encoders and decoders in.

  • latexr

    today at 1:14 PM

    That isn’t particularly helpful to someone asking a question in good faith. What others are using doesn’t clarify why they are using it. Plus, FFmpeg is itself a decade older than Rust. The OP is asking about starting a new project today.

    • Telaneo

      today at 1:42 PM

      > What others are using doesn’t clarify why they are using it.

      It does if you ask them, or at least research the topic at hand.

      • latexr

        today at 4:15 PM

        Isn’t that just the same as answering “Google it”, then? We’re on a discussion forum, where matter experts visit, talking about a specific topic. If one can’t ask their questions in this highly relevant situation, where can they? The point of HN is supposed to be gratifying curiosity.

• IshKebab

  today at 4:44 PM

  I don't know why you've been down-voted. It definitely isn't an optimal decision. A video codec isn't all assembly. There's plenty of plain unsafe C code. E.g. this is the first random file I clicked. It has a ton of raw C pointer stuff just begging to be exploited.

  https://code.videolan.org/videolan/dav2d/-/blob/main/src/dat...

  There is a project to write an AV1 decoder in Rust: Rav1d (really stretching the name here).

  https://github.com/memorysafety/rav1d

  They got within 5% of the performance of dav1d and held a contest to close the gap but I think I read somewhere that this wasn't achieved.

  https://www.memorysafety.org/blog/rav1d-perf-bounty/

  They claimed

  > This is enough of a difference to be a problem for potential adopters, and, frankly, it just bothers us.

  But in my opinion nobody actually cares about 5% in absolute terms. It's likely just Rust naysayers using that as an excuse.

  I think the likely reason for dav2d using C is that they can reuse lots of code and infrastructure from dav1d. But I agree it would be much better if they worked on Rav2d instead (these names!). You can hardly complain about a 5% overhead if you're opting in to 5x more decoding complexity.

  • stukenov

    today at 6:07 PM

    funny you mention it — rav2d exists now: https://github.com/stukenov/rav2d full C-to-Rust port, asm kernels still via FFI like rav1d does. early (0.1.0) but passes conformance against dav2d.

• MattRix

  today at 1:01 PM

  Yes? There is 5x more code to optimize the ASM for.

When AV1 was first announced, I got the impression the name was chosen partly as a pun/reference/homage to AVI, the classic but outdated format with used to be popular. Then when I saw Dav1d, OK, good way to continue the pun.

But now with AV2 and Dav2d, that completely breaks. Are we eventually going to get AV3/Dav3d and AV4/Dav4d, which will read like Ave/Daved and Ava/Davad? Seems a bit awkward. Was the idea from the start to have the 1 be the version number, and have it specifically be part of the name?

• BetterThanSober

  today at 4:00 PM

  I'm pretty sure it is a homage. As for dav1d it's not a reference decoder (although partially funded by AOM iirc) so they might not know that the next iteration will simply be AV2, we have h264, h265, h266 naming though

  Tangent but I cannot wait for h269 (or h267 for the younger gen)

• p1mrx

  today at 3:14 PM

  I think it's a reasonable decision. The only people who will interact with dav2d by name are codec nerds, and a simple increment makes the lineage more obvious to that audience.

• xp84

  today at 3:34 PM

  As with all naming schemes in the tech world, I am sure no future scenarios, including successor names, were ever considered

• jl6

  today at 1:30 PM

  1dav2codecs?

  2av2furious?

  • Hendrikto

    today at 1:51 PM

    And then AV3: Tokyo Drift, and after that AV Episode 1.

    • xp84

      today at 3:35 PM

      Or go the Apple Watch naming scheme route.

      Just “AV”

      Next, AV Series 1 and 2 (released simultaneously)

      Later, AV Edition but it costs $10,000

    • BillStrong

      today at 2:10 PM

      Already predicting which versions to avoid, huh.

• WhrRTheBaboons

  today at 1:23 PM

  > experience Dav... Now in 3D!

• Arubis

  today at 1:32 PM

  Da5id could potentially work as a Snow Crash reference.

• latexr

  today at 4:18 PM

  I’m fascinated by the flurry of downvotes to a simple commentary and question, especially when the replies are normal. If you’re one of the downvotes, please do share what you found offensive about my comment, I am genuinely interested in what you perceived as problematic.

Ok whose idea was ‘Wiener filtering’

• cogman10

  today at 1:10 PM

  Norbert Wiener in the 1940s. He invented the technique.

  It's a semi-common last name.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_filter?wprov=sfla1

How is AV2 expected to avoid the patent-pool issues AV1 ran into?

AV1 was designed as royalty-free, but Sisvel’s pool and the recent Dolby/Snap proved the contrary.

https://accessadvance.com/2026/03/24/access-advance-licensor...

• UnlockedSecrets

  today at 12:44 PM

  They filed a suit, henceforth making a claim of an issue...... They haven't "proved" anything other then they have lawyers on staff that can file some paperwork until the suit is settled in court...

• AndrewDucker

  today at 12:47 PM

  How does that prove anything?

  They're claiming that there are patents, but that doesn't mean there are.

  • Eldodi

    today at 12:51 PM

    Dolby is only the most recent case, Sisvel consorsium actually bills licences per device:

    Consumer Display Device: EUR 0.32

    Consumer Non-Display Device: EUR 0.11

    (source here: https://www.sisvel.com/licensing-programmes/audio-and-video-...)

    • zamadatix

      today at 1:23 PM

      Sisvel allows you to pay them if you believe their claims, they haven't actually taken anyone not paying to court yet to prove that. The only court cases for VP9/AV1 from Sisvel so far have been their patents being found invalid/irrelevant.

      Dolby is somewhat more interesting in that rather than scare tactics, media hype, and attempting to form a pool about it they are actually taking a patent assertion claim to court.

    • justinclift

      today at 2:02 PM

      That crowd are just deeply concerned one of their lucrative revenue streams is disappearing.

      So they seem to be attempting to pull a fast one and use unproven claims to try and convert their competitor into a replacement revenue source.

      It'll probably be a case of whoever has the best lawyers + contacts + persistence wins.

      But it'll be interesting if discovery shows evidence they know they don't have a case and are trying it anyway. "Piercing the corporate veil" can theoretically be a consequence of that AFAIK.

    • UnlockedSecrets

      today at 12:53 PM

      How does how they bill for their product, matter in terms of if their lawsuit holds merit?

    • silotis

      today at 1:14 PM

      Can you point to any other patent lawsuit over AV1? AFAIK the Dolby case is the first.

    • croes

      today at 12:53 PM

      That doesn’t prove their claims are valid.

      I can claim the same and offer licenses per device.

• Arodex

  today at 12:57 PM

  Every single AV2 news here in the last week has seen exactly the same question.

  Either go back read the answers there first, or I will assume you are part of a FUD campaign (yes, I know HN guidelines, but again every single AV2 news in the last week has seen the same rhetorical "questions" as top "comments").

• croes

  today at 12:51 PM

  No codec can ever avoid patent-pool claims.

This seems like an interesting case to test AI agents on.

Like we had weird examples like C compilers and Bun. This is a much more interesting example because its highly nontrivial.

AV1 exists, Dav1d exists. Lets see AI take the AV2 spec and Dav1d code and try to make a working high performance AV2 decoder.