> Fun to see a contemporary take on something that peaked between 1970s–1980s

Maybe that was the peak, but you had some very good TUIs in the early 1990's for DOS apps, where Windows hadn't quite completely taken over yet, but you very likely had a VGA-compatible graphics card and monitor, meaning you had a good, high-resolution, crisp and configurable-font text mode available, and also likely had a mouse. This is the stuff I grew up with: QBASIC and EDIT.COM for example. Bisqwit has a cool video about how some apps from that era could have a proper mouse cursor, even: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nlNQcKsj74

• safety1st

  today at 11:19 AM

  The peak of TUIs is now. Take a look at Omarchy, an entire operating system built around terminals and config files, it's nirvana. I can only imagine how much farther down this road things may go as we enter a world where the primary interface is conversation with the machine in text. I'm sure I'll get downvoted for that last part because Reddit -- (cough) I mean Hacker News - hates AI, but I'm genuinely excited for the future.

  • gf000

    today at 12:01 PM

    But why?

    You easily have 4k pixels, why use a tiny subset of those in a very inefficient way? We have proper hardware to make a bunch of these computations actually fast, and yet we should stuck with drawing relatively expensive text everywhere?

    If you only care about the UX of TUIs, that I can stand behind (though mostly as a guideline, it doesn't fit every workflow), but you can do that with a proper GUI just as well.

    • cfiggers

      today at 12:17 PM

      > If you only care about the UX of TUIs, that I can stand behind

      This is a confusing concession. Of course we love TUIs because of the UX, what other reason is there?

      Constraint breeds consistency and consistency breeds coherence.

      Take 1,000 random TUI designers and 1,000 random GUI designers and plot the variations between them (use any method you like)—the TUI designers will be more tightly clustered together because the TUI interface constrains what's reasonable.

      Yes of course you CAN recreate TUI-like UX in a GUI, that's not the issue. People don't. In a TUI they must. I like that UX and like that if I seek out a TUI for whatever thing I want to do, I'm highly likely to find a UX that I enjoy. Whereas with GUIs it's a crapshoot. That's it.

    • zahlman

      today at 12:30 PM

      The UX is the point.

      When you are "drawing text everywhere", you end up not having to draw all that much text. 3d models have more and more polygons as graphics cards improve, but the 80x24 standard persists for terminals (and UX is better for it). And I'm not even that convinced of "relatively expensive". Grokking UTF-8 and finding grapheme cluster boundaries has a lot of business logic, but it isn't really that hard. And unless you're dealing with Indic or Arabic scripts that defy a reasonable monospace presentation, you can just cache the composed glyphs.

    • krautsauer

      today at 12:35 PM

      I'm curious: Do you have a nice set of GUI applications that come with the UX you'd expect of TUIs?

      (I'm not actually sure what the UX of TUIs is I love so much. Relative simplicity / focus on core features? Uff, notepad wins this one on vim. Fast startup times? I use gomuks, that takes a minute for the initial sync. No mouse? Moving around in TUI text editors with hjkl is slow. I either jump where I want to go with search or use the mouse. Lightness over SSH/network is the only thing I can't come up with a counterexample for.)

  • user3939382

    today at 11:48 AM

    I hope it’s inevitable. Most users’ computing workloads by far are text oriented. The terminal is capable of flexbox now. Current GUIs create massive complexity and power draw relative to their value. Over a long enough arc, economic inefficiency is doomed.

    • zahlman

      today at 12:32 PM

      > The terminal is capable of flexbox now.

      You mean like https://silvery.dev/examples/layout.html ? This is definitely not a UI development paradigm I would have expected to see.

      • user3939382

        today at 1:07 PM

        That’s the tip of a conceivable iceberg but exactly. Also look at kitty graphics protocol.

        Look at the amount of engineering resources we pour into OS GUI toolkits and then browsers. Those layers of complexity aren’t there because we stood back and said, “given what we know in 2026 how should we design a GUI compositor?”. The majority of the stack is written how it is by archeological happenstance. One generation adds on top of the prior since the 60s.

        I’d say start from the terminal, fix the rendering limitations that drove the split from terminal and then to the browser. If we pin down efficient GUI, we could have machines that cover non graphics workloads which is the vast majority with solar and the equivalent of a 6502.

        The amount of energy wasted on modern stacks relative to the tasks being delivered is incalculable.

  • today at 11:49 AM

  • unleaded

    today at 12:49 PM

    What's behind this new obsession with TUIs/CLIs anyway? You always had people obsessed with i3 and vim etc but this is something different.

    • clickety_clack

      today at 1:12 PM

      It’s functionally focused and because most apps are web based now, and TUIs are generally local, it makes them seem relatively very fast.

    • LeCompteSftware

      today at 1:15 PM

      I think part of it is Visual Studio Code doing most IDE things very well, creating a market niche for terminal tooling that handles the rest.

      Certainly part of it is also people of my generation being nostalgic for the TUIs of DOS file managers and editors.

Couldn't help riffing off on a tangent from the title (since the article is about diagramming tools)...

Dylan Beattie has a thought-provoking presentation for anyone who believes that "plain text" is a simple / solid substrate for computing: "There's no such thing as plain text" https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/theres-no-such-thing-as... (you'll find many videos from different conferences)

• rmunn

  today at 7:45 AM

  Haven't watched the videos yet, but from the slides, it looks like part of the issue he was talking about was encodings (there's a slide illustrating UTF-16LE ve UTF-16BE, for example). Thankfully, with UTF-8 becoming the default everywhere (so that you need a really good reason not to use it for any given document), we're back at "yes, there is such a thing as plain text" again. It has a much larger set of valid characters, but if you receive a text file without knowing its encoding, you can just assume it's UTF-8 and have a 99.7% chance of being right.

  FINALLY.

  • bmitc

    today at 1:14 PM

    The point is, a lot of work went into making that happen. I.e., plain text as it is today is not some inherent property of computing. It is a binary protocol and displaying text through fonts is also not a trivial matter.

    So my question is: what are we leaving on the table by over focusing on text? What about graphs and visual elements?

  • ButlerianJihad

    today at 12:48 PM

    vaxocentrism, or “All the World’s a VAX”

    http://www.catb.org/esr/jargon/html/V/vaxocentrism.html

  • thaumasiotes

    today at 10:21 AM

    > Thankfully, with UTF-8 becoming the default everywhere (so that you need a really good reason not to use it for any given document), we're back at "yes, there is such a thing as plain text" again.

    Whenever I hear this, I hear "all text files should be 50% larger for no reason".

    UTF-8 is pretty similar to the old code page system.

    • mort96

      today at 10:24 AM

      Hm? UTF-8 encodes all of ASCII with one byte per character, and is pretty efficient for everything else. I think the only advantage UTF-16 has over UTF-8 is that some ranges (such as Han characters I believe?) are often 3 bytes of UTF-8 while they're 2 bytes of UTF-16. Is that your use case? Seems weird to describe that as "all text files" though?

      • thaumasiotes

        today at 10:26 AM

        UTF-8 encodes European glyphs in two bytes and oriental glyphs in three bytes. This is due to the assumption that you're not going to be using oriental glyphs. If you are going to use them, UTF-8 is a very poor choice.

        • mort96

          today at 10:29 AM

          UTF-8 does not encode "European glyphs" in two bytes, no. Most European languages use variations of the latin alphabet, meaning most glyphs in European languages use the 1-byte ASCII subset of UTF-8. The occasional non-ASCII glyph becomes two bytes, that's correct, but that's a much smaller bloat than what you imply.

          Anyway, what are you comparing it to, what is your preferred alternative? Do you prefer using code pages so that the bytes in a file have no meaning unless you also supply code page information and you can't mix languages in a text file? Or do you prefer using UTF-16, where all of ASCII is 2 bytes per character but you get a marginal benefit for Han texts?

          • thaumasiotes

            today at 10:33 AM

            > Do you prefer using code pages so that the bytes in a file have no meaning unless you also supply code page information?

            Yes. Note that this is already how Unicode is supposed to work. See e.g. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte_order_mark .

            A file isn't meaningful unless you know how to interpret it; that will always be true. Assuming that all files must be in a preexisting format defeats the purpose of having file formats.

            > Most European languages use variations of the latin alphabet

            If you want to interpret "variations of Latin" really, really loosely, that's true.

            Cyrillic and Greek characters get two bytes, even when they are by definition identical to ASCII characters. This bloat is actually worse than the bloat you get by using UTF-8 for Japanese; Cyrillic and Greek will easily fit into one byte.

            • harmonics

              today at 10:54 AM

              As someone who has been using Cyrillic writing all my life, I've never noticed this bloat you're speaking of, honestly...

              Maybe if you're one of those AI behemots who works with exabytes of training data, it would make some sense to compress it down by less than 50% (since we're using lots of Latin terms and acronyms and punctuation marks which all fit in one byte in UTF-8).

              On the web and in other kinds of daily text processing, one poorly compressed image or one JavaScript-heavy webshite obliterates all "savings" you would have had in that week by encoding text in something more efficient.

              It's the same with databases. I've never seen anyone pick anything other than UTF-8 in the last 10 years at least, even though 99% of what we store there is in Cyrillic. I sometimes run into old databases, which are usually Oracle, that were set up in the 90s and never really upgraded. The data is in some weird encoding that you haven't heard of for decades, and it's always a pain to integrate with them.

              I remember the days of codepages. Seeing broken text was the norm. Technically advanced users would quickly learn to guess the correct text encoding by the shapes of glyphs we would see when opening a file. Do not want.

            • mort96

              today at 10:35 AM

              UTF-8 does not require a byte order mark. The byte order mark is a technical necessity born from UTF-16 and a desire to store UTF-16 in a machine's native endianness.

              The byte order mark has has no relation to code pages.

              I don't think you know what you're talking about and I do not think further engagement with you is fruitful. Bye.

              EDIT: okay since you edited your comment to add the part about Greek and cryllic after I responded, I'll respond to that too. Notice how I did not say "all European languages". Norwegian, Swedish, French, Danish, Spanish, German, English, Polish, Italian, and many other European languages have writing systems where typical texts are "mostly ASCII with a few special symbols and diacritics here and there". Yes, Greek and cryllic are exceptions. That does not invalidate my point.

• lelanthran

  today at 9:37 AM

  I can't tell what the argument is just from the slideshow. The main point appears to be that code pages, UTF-16, etc are all "plain text" but not really.

  If that really was the argument, then it is, in 2026, obsolete; utf-8 is everywhere.

  • benj111

    today at 10:07 AM

    He has a YouTube channel, there's a talk on there.

    He also discusses code pages etc.

    I don't think the thesis is wrong. Eg when I think plain text I think ASCII, so we're already disagreeing about what 'plain text' is. His point isn't that we don't have a standard, it's that we've had multiple standards over what we think is the most basic of formats, with lots of hidden complications.

• zahlman

  today at 12:33 PM

  Nice. I've used the phrase before, with the vague notion that a proper talk must already exist.

• carra

  today at 11:19 AM

  I read that article long time ago, and for me it's a hard disagree. A system as complex and quirky as Unicode can never be considered "plain", and even today it is common for many apps that something Unicode-related breaks. ASCII is still the only text system that will really work well everywhere, which I consider a must for calling something plain text.

  And yes, ASCII means mostly limiting things to English but for many environments that's almost expected. I would even defend this not being a native English speaker myself.

  • d-us-vb

    today at 1:17 PM

    I feel like that isn’t exactly a very useful definition of plaintext. If you mean “ASCII” say ASCII.

    Plain text is text intended to be interpreted as bytes that map simply to characters. Complexity is irrelevant.

Tangent to article: text character based charts for statistics. Decades ago I had an education version of MINITAB that ran under DOS and did scatter diagrams and dotplots and box and whisker plots from text characters (you could use pure text, I think proper ASCII or you could set an option to use those DOS drawing characters). The idea was to encourage initial data exploration before launching on formal statistical tests.

Anyone know of a terminal program that can do proper dotplots?

• wonger_

  today at 11:47 AM

  This stack overflow thread had a pretty good list of terminal plotting tools:

  https://stackoverflow.com/questions/123378/command-line-unix...

  gnuplot, feedgnuplot, eplot, asciichart, bashplotlib, ervy, ttyplot, youplot, visidata

  And there's a lovely ASCII plot in the AWK book: https://dn790008.ca.archive.org/0/items/pdfy-MgN0H1joIoDVoIC...

• nxpnsv

  today at 11:35 AM

  Gnu plot dumb terminal mode?

  • rbanffy

    today at 11:59 AM

    That’s possible as well. I wish common terminals (the kind that is shipped with the OS) would do ReGIS, Tektronix, or even sixel (yuck!).

Also: M-x artist-mode in emacs.

The list at the top could be longer:

- https://asciiflow.com/

- https://asciidraw.github.io/

Anybody know more?

• snackbroken

  today at 6:54 AM

  D2 https://d2lang.com/ added beta support for ASCII & Unicode output last year.

  • suprjami

    today at 7:05 AM

    That would be interesting. I like D2 though the lack of control over the layout is a bit frustrating sometimes.

• smusamashah

  today at 9:55 AM

  https://xosh.org/text-to-diagram a list of lots of tools

• 1024kb

  today at 8:18 AM

  I have a few more on my site under the bookmarks page. Link in bio.

• electroglyph

  today at 10:15 AM

  how about a unicode art tool?

  https://electroglyph.github.io/atheriz_draw/

• 4k93n2

  today at 7:16 AM

  https://monosketch.io

Plain text is great as far as it goes, but when it comes to structure you start from zero for every file. There’s always someone getting wistful about ad-hoc combinations of venerable Unix tools to process “plain text”, and that’s fine when you’re in an ad-hoc situation, but it’s no substitute for a well-specified format.

• adityaathalye

  today at 8:32 AM

  XML, JSON, YAML, RDF, EDN, LaTeX, OrgMode, Markdown... Plenty of plaintext, but structured information formats that are "yes, and". Yes, I can process them as lines of plain text, and I can do structured data transformations on them too, and there are clients (or readers) that know how to render them in WYSIWYG style.

  • dwb

    today at 9:06 AM

    If that’s our definition of “plain text”, sure. I would still rather our tools were more advanced, such that printable and non-printable formats were on a more equal footing, though. I always process structured formats through something that understands the structure, if I can, so I feel that the only benefit I regularly get out of formats being printable is that I have to use tools that only cope with printable formats. The argument starts getting a bit circular for me.

  • layer8

    today at 11:55 AM

    XML arguably isn’t plain text, but a binary format: If you add/change the encoding declaration on the first line, the remaining bytes will be interpreted differently. Unless you process it as a function of its declared (or auto-detected, see below) encoding, you have to treat it as a binary file.

    In the absence of an encoding declaration, the encoding is in some cases detected automatically based on the first four bytes: https://www.w3.org/TR/xml/#sec-guessing-no-ext-info Again, that means that XML is a binary format.

    • zahlman

      today at 12:40 PM

      [dead]

Plain text is great, but if you're holding a hammer ...

From the title, I was not expecting a bunch of extended ASCII characters.

• Freak_NL

  today at 6:51 AM

  The article mentioned that the use of 'ASCII' within the context of those tools should not be seen as the limited character set ASCII. Personally, I would avoid mentioning ASCII at all.

  The title just talks of plain text though, and plain text usually means UTF-8 encoded text these days. Plain, as in conventional, standardised, portable, and editable with any text editor. I would be surprised if someone talked about plain text as being limited to just ASCII.

  • benj111

    today at 10:12 AM

    I would?

    Would an emoji count as plain text?

    What about right to left text? I have no idea how many editors handle that.

I have a mixed opinion of unicode, but it's hard not to love the box-drawing / block-element chars.

• perilunar

  today at 12:47 PM

  The box-drawing characters pre-date unicode though:

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_437

Unsung is one of the best little blogs around. Well worth checking out the rest of the posts.

I'm all for it, but it's dangerously mixing ASCII with the meaning of plain-text...

It's good to see the plain text, it's been a while that people wanting them.

So many users wants the Special fonts but in here simple is Special to eyes and Mind.

As a developer I agree. Sometimes simplicity is more Special and powerful than complex formats.

• hsbauauvhabzb

  today at 9:06 AM

  * L a u g h s i n u t f 1 6 *

  • today at 1:13 PM

  • randomeel

    today at 10:46 AM

    That’s cool ! How did you do that ?

Text and text files are simple. I think this is their number #1 advantage.

There are limitations though. Compare a database of .yml files to a database in a DBMS. I wrote a custom forum via ruby + yaml files. It also works. It also can not compete anywhere with e. g. rails/activerecord and so forth. Its sole advantage is simplicity. Everywhere else it loses without even a fight.

All plaintext bullshit should be eradicated. Fucking useless as a medium when displaying and handling complex tasks.

• today at 12:19 PM

[dead]

[dead]

[dead]

Plain text keeps winning not because it’s perfect, but because it’s the lowest common denominator that never dies — everything else eventually breaks, changes, or gets abandoned. The funny part is people argue about encodings and structure, but in practice UTF-8 + a bit of convention (Markdown, JSON, etc.) has already become the “good enough standard.”

Curious though — do you think the real limit of plain text is readability at scale (like configs turning messy), or is it more about lack of enforced structure compared to proper systems?

• layer8

  today at 12:27 PM

  Readability is certainly a limit. JSON and XML are unreadable in their usual single-line transport form, and often even when pretty-printed. XML signatures break upon reformatting, so you also can’t just do it blindly.

  Part of the lowest common denominator are the (printable) ASCII characters. If you ever opened a text file mostly consisting of a script you’re not familiar with, it might as well have been binary. Add to that right-to-left languages where you can’t even be sure which element follows which without knowing the scripts.

  It’s “good enough” for many purposes, but it’s important to keep in mind the limitations.

• arter45

  today at 12:18 PM

  I think the real limit of plain text is pretty obvious: you cannot embed pictures in it.

  It’s like SMS vs MMS or modern chat. With pure text, you can at best add a link to a picture (which could get rotten or inaccessible for other reasons), but you cannot directly graphical content.

  • perilunar

    today at 12:32 PM

    Sure you can:

    data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhMAAwAPAAAAAAAP///ywAAAAAMAAw AAAC8IyPqcvt3wCcDkiLc7C0qwyGHhSWpjQu5yqmCYsapyuvUUlvONmOZtfzgFz ByTB10QgxOR0TqBQejhRNzOfkVJ+5YiUqrXF5Y5lKh/DeuNcP5yLWGsEbtLiOSp a/TPg7JpJHxyendzWTBfX0cxOnKPjgBzi4diinWGdkF8kjdfnycQZXZeYGejmJl ZeGl9i2icVqaNVailT6F5iJ90m6mvuTS4OK05M0vDk0Q4XUtwvKOzrcd3iq9uis F81M1OIcR7lEewwcLp7tuNNkM3uNna3F2JQFo97Vriy/Xl4/f1cf5VWzXyym7PH hhx4dbgYKAAA7

    from:https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2397#section-4