> That decision, and the fury it sparked among EV1 lessees who fought to keep their cars, is the subject of Chris Paine’s 2006 documentary “Who Killed the Electric Car?” It is essential viewing for anyone interested in how the auto industry, oil companies, regulators, and consumer culture shaped the trajectory of electric transportation. Paine does not let anyone off the hook easily, and the film holds up as both a piece of investigative storytelling and a snapshot of an industry at a crossroads.

The conspiracy about GM killing the EV1 is very hyperbolic and the documentary is mostly a fantasy.

Carmakers releasing test cars to markets and then destroying them was a common practice - GM did the same with their hydrogen cars, the famous turbine engine cars, and even large scale prototypes like the Aerovette. In many cases they were only able to circumvent safety/testing regulation because these were not registerable cars.

Even if the market tests were successful, the only placed they planned to sell them was California as a compliance car for CARB. No matter how you try to spin it, a lead-acid battery powered car was not ever going to be the car of the future.

• NewJazz

  today at 6:10 PM

  Wait didn't they have a NiMH battery too?

  • linksnapzz

    today at 6:27 PM

    Eventually, near the end. The first run of them was lead-acid; the battery was about 60% of the weight of the vehicle.

My mom got to test one of these for like 3 months. While only a 2 seater, it was a super cool car. For the time it was very modern. And it was very quiet, it had a gentle horn you could honk so that people knew you were there. She let me drive a few times and it was also very quick.

I've been watching these videos, I'm honestly shocked about the complete 180 gm is pulling...

In the past, they would have wanted the motors disabled and the batteries incapacitated (if they weren't already, because half of them were trash), if they couldn't legally scare you into letting them scrap the car.

I kindof feel like there's some ulterior motive, like they want another museum piece for themselves, or sales are really hurting and they want to drum up some good will. Call me skeptical if you must, but they _really_ didn't want these on the road.

• xp84

  today at 1:25 PM

  I don’t think it was all that mysterious, or even sinister. The car was a compliance car, it was mandated by the state to exist, and was not at the time a profitable model. All of them were leased. When the mandate expired or whatever, selling the cars instead of taking them back would have meant supporting this very different car for a long time with parts and repair service. This would have been a huge headache, and not worth it by any measure. Yes, they could have attempted to make BEVs happen for the mass market in general, but every carmaker was free to do so and they all seemed to agree that it wasn’t a good risk until Tesla came years later and made that bet with the S and the 3. But that was 15 years of advancement later.

  And GM could have crushed all of them, but apparently was proud enough of it and not afraid people would ‘discover its secrets’ and build a new EV, since they decided to just park a half dozen or whatever at schools for students to poke and prod at. I get that the optics of crushing them made them look like a villain from the “Captain Planet” cartoon, but it would have been foolish for them to do anything else.

  • legitster

    today at 5:17 PM

    It's not just that the car was a compliance car, it's that these were experimental models. They were not able to be registered by individuals because they didn't go through all of the mandated safety regulations that normal models do.

    • arcfour

      today at 6:55 PM

      So the state first mandates the cars exist, then mandates the cars be destroyed. Truly this is government efficiency at its finest.

  • maxerickson

    today at 2:18 PM

    Was it even a compliance car?

    It's eternally fascinating that people can't or won't grasp that the cars cost far more to produce than they could put them to market for, instead deciding that it was a big conspiracy.

    It took until ~2015 for batteries to become practical for expensive mass market cars.

    • aeturnum

      today at 2:42 PM

      > Was it even a compliance car?

      I am not an expert but I believe that US regulations require that manufacturers make a range of vehicle types to sell on the US market. You don't need to sell a lot of, say, compact cars - but you need to offer a compact car in order to sell your cash-cow large trucks.

      • ndiddy

        today at 3:02 PM

        CAFE didn't work like this, it was a lot dumber. Basically it weighed the fuel economy for vehicles under 6000 pounds between two categories: passenger cars (sedans, coupes, wagons) and light trucks (vans, SUVs, crossovers). Passenger cars had an MPG target of ~8 MPG higher than light trucks. Car manufacturers that couldn't get their MPG (weighted between sales of the two categories from that manufacturer) below the targets were fined. Essentially this incentivized car companies to sell fewer passenger cars and more light trucks so their target MPG was lower. This is why crossovers have basically taken over the market in the US. Car manufacturers modified their designs to count as light trucks (lowering the MPG by 1-2), but since the target for light trucks is 8 MPG lower than passenger cars, they look more compliant on paper. We've gone from passenger cars making up ~50% of US car sales in 2000 to ~20% of car sales today.

        I use the past tense because the Trump admin has gotten rid of the fines for this regulation so it basically doesn't matter anymore (one of the few good moves it's done). It'll be interesting to see if small cars are able to make a recovery in the US, or if it's too late.

        • aeturnum

          today at 3:12 PM

          I am sure it'll be a few years as manufacturers will worry that a future admin (if we get such a thing lol) could un-remove the fees - but it would be wonderful to see actual small trucks again.

        • nickff

          today at 5:07 PM

          CAFE wasn't 'dumb', it was designed to prevent the 'big three' from manufacturing (new generations of) small cars outside the USA (i.e. in Mexico), with non-UAW labor. CAFE was not designed to protect the environment or reduce emissions; that was just a PR veneer to make it more palatable. You're completely correct that it led to strange designs, perhaps most notably the PT Cruiser (which was classified as a truck https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_PT_Cruiser).

          • cucumber3732842

            today at 5:15 PM

            And it killed a bunch of useful smaller truckish vehicles because they scored poorly. The Ford Ranger, the Chevy Astro, the Crown Vic and every other sedan with a big ass.

      • bluGill

        today at 2:57 PM

        California not US regulations in this case.

        • aeturnum

          today at 3:10 PM

          ah! thank you

    • ryukoposting

      today at 2:40 PM

      And even now, the fantasy of the $30,000 EV hasn't really been realized. In the US, your only option right now is the Leaf, but good luck finding one for under $32,000.

      • xp84

        today at 4:02 PM

        If that was the fantasy even 6 years ago, the fantasy should have been updated for inflation to a $40,000 EV. I don’t even mean to exaggerate — that’s how much inflation we’ve had since 2020. We have plenty of sub-$40k EVs.

        • monocasa

          today at 6:38 PM

          Meanwhile Europe has access to $30k EVs because they didn't stock a 100% tariff on Chinese EVs. Hell, a leapmotor to3 is almost down to $20k.

  • criddell

    today at 3:08 PM

    I thought they destroyed them all because they didn't want to have to provide the legally required parts and service for them. Now that they are in classic car territory, those requirements no longer exist.

  • RealityVoid

    today at 3:42 PM

    I find the obsession with ev1 very US centric. There were many many other electric cars released before EV1. I think that documentary is to blame for this, GM was not the only company exploring EV's and there were other players as well. They just, for some reason or another, did not commit to it fully.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battery_electric_vehic...

• bluGill

  today at 1:20 PM

  This is common for all cars of all makes. You want people to buy new ones so there is an areg where old cars are a liability. People buying new cars trade them in after three years, so you want some value left so they can afford that, but you want them to wear out in about 12 so that people have reason to keep buying more instead of keeping the old. Then after about 25 years it is a collectors car and you can be proud of the few left - they are not impacting new sales much (if any) and give people reason to dream about cars.

I don't know what's inside, but I see a car with an EV1 body around my city. I only ever see it parked, not driving, but it's not always parked in the same spot, so I guess it must drive some time.

Tesla: Tarpening and Eberhard along with Musk’s cash changed the world. GM was a half hearted effort to please some politicians, as evidenced by leasing a few, and in the end destroying them all.

It's an unfortunate accident that GM sent engineers instead of lawyers. I'm sure this will be corrected soon.

Look at that simple 90s dash and tactile controls.

Do you know how many more EVs would be adopted if they weren't marketing iPads-on-wheels to the masses? It's the biggest hindrance to the industry behind lack of charging infra.

• Loudergood

  today at 7:33 PM

  People act like other new cars aren't exactly the same on the inside.

• 1234letshaveatw

  today at 6:31 PM

  0?

> As GM’s team put it: “EV1 set in motion everything we’re doing in electric right now”

Sounds line GM is taking credit for EV industry’s success after they recalled and sent to the crusher the very car model these people are trying to restore.

• ezfe

  today at 1:15 PM

  They’re taking credit for their own success? I don’t know how you can construe that to be the industry overall.

  • conception

    today at 1:21 PM

    You mean Toyota and Tesla’s success? Let’s be real - the Prius and then Model S kickstarted the EV revolution.

    • mlhpdx

      today at 1:24 PM

      If you read the history you’ll see the appropriate word is “restarted” the EV revolution. It was on and off again in a slow march to the point that allowed Tesla to exist. I’m not diminishing the role Tesla played, but it has to be taken in context. They stood on shoulders.

      • therealpygon

        today at 1:56 PM

        An over 125 year, often abandoned, stuttering march filled with stories of invisible battles by the entrenched to keep the status quo.

        • xp84

          today at 4:06 PM

          I think looking at every carmaker’s lineup should make it obvious that they don’t give a crap what powers a car, they are just trying to sell what’s popular. EVs were trendy for a couple years and a margin-subsidizing $7000 was available so everybody enthusiastically brought out EVs. Now they’re less popular so they’re all pulling back. Arguably even Tesla is doing so, given that Musk has intimidated that he didn’t really think Tesla was going to keep selling cars forever.

          When the demand is sufficient, the cars will be sold in numbers to match it. Demand will increase as it becomes practical to own an EV for more people. This mainly has to do with charging infrastructure at every level, which is capital intensive for both individuals and governments.

    • therealpygon

      today at 1:52 PM

      Do you suggest we ignore or include in this history the original contributions of the first electric cars from all the way back in the single digits of the 1900s?

      • bluGill

        today at 3:00 PM

        There was a long time between those cars and the modern electric car where the only thing electric was "golf carts" (not general purpose cars), or homemade conversions. The EV1 was the first commercial car in the memory of most people alive today. The 1900s ones were fun/interesting historical things, but not practical.

    • bluGill

      today at 1:25 PM

      Those were important too, but the ev1 started that modern ev.

  • hamdingers

    today at 2:17 PM

    It's not a success if you quit the race at the finish line, even if you were in the lead.

  • rdtsc

    today at 1:22 PM

    Right before that in the paragraph:

    > The EV1 introduced technologies that remain foundational to modern EVs

It's a trap, they've got a car crusher at the ready for sure.

• rozap

  today at 6:10 PM

  This is part of GM's broader marketing push to drum up goodwill from younger people. It's the same reason why they have a youtube series about the beginnings of the Cadillac F1 team, which is clearly produced for zoomer and millenial audiences.

  I don't think there's anything nefarious here, they are just cultivating a particular image to try to sell cars. It's a reasonable marketing strategy, as marketing strategies go.

  • Loudergood

    today at 7:34 PM

    Some Millennials are reaching their mid 40s now.

• bobim

  today at 2:49 PM

  Maybe GM is still the legal owner since they were all leased, so that would be a possible sad outcome.

  • drysart

    today at 7:43 PM

    This particular vehicle was sold at an impound auction under a court order. Any existing legal ownership of the vehicle prior to the auction was extinguished.

  • xp84

    today at 4:09 PM

    If you’ve watched these guys videos, you would know it’s not some sort of cartoon villain trap. They took them to Detroit, showed them a ton of stuff, let them talk to a bunch of very sincere and cool engineers, gave them a bunch of unobtainium spare parts, and gave interviews on the record with executives. Let’s just say GM’s PR department is running a lot better than their cars do these days. Someone there saw the initial buzz about this find, and obviously convinced the C-suite that they could very easily score huge wins in public goodwill, partly counteracting all the “Who Killed the Electric Car” hype.

  • giobox

    today at 5:09 PM

    If you follow their videos, they and a handful of others have secured title to their EV-1s. There are a small number of ways the cars were able to fall out of the leasing agreement and into properly titled private ownership.

    In this case, they took advantage of the fact the car was abandoned in Georgia and went to impound action, which let them buy it from the State with title, bypassing any potential agreement with GM.

In a way it feels like a sick and twisted joke that GM is willing to help with this, especially how they've been treating their current EV lineup.

BrightDrop's dead, the Bolt was loved and killed and brought back and killed again, they keep making questionable decisions with their infotainment and subscription models (no CarPlay, mandatory consumer Google Account and OnStar subscriptions), the best thing they even apparently sell right now has a Honda (re)badge on it...

• InUrNetz

  today at 12:28 PM

  The anti CarPlay stance is a real deal killer for me. I put an aftermarket radio in my Chevy Express to get CarPlay, and have a long history of Chevy, GMC, and Buick ownership, but this one blocks me from buying a new GM car.

  • segfaultex

    today at 7:03 PM

    We bought an F150 Lightning instead of a Sierra EV mainly because of this. I'm not interested in 'cars as a service'.

  • fullstop

    today at 1:21 PM

    I've been satisfied with Android Automotive on my Equinox EV. I did see that there are USB dongles which can allegedly add Android Auto to the car.

    • bluGill

      today at 1:24 PM

      My blazer doesn't have android auto either... where are these usb things, I might be interested. I really want my phone to respond to 'ok google' not the car saying 'this needs a subscription'

      • stetrain

        today at 1:57 PM

        Annoyingly "Android Auto" and "Android Automotive" are completely different things.

        Android Auto is where you can connect your phone to the car and your phone projects onto the car's display with apps and navigation.

        Android Automotive is when the car itself is running Android Automotive for its infotainment OS, meaning it has access to a limited Android App Store to install apps natively into the car's infotainment system and you can sign in with your Google account.

        Some cars with Android Automotive also support CarPlay and Android Auto on top of it, but GM has decided to disable those features, meaning you have to use the built-in Android Automotive system to manage your media streaming apps and pay GM for the data access plan.

      • fullstop

        today at 1:52 PM

        These cars are sold with data plans which last quite a few years. What model year is your Blazer? I think that my Equinox has app access for 3 years and maps / google assistant for 8 years. I've tested tethering with my phone and it works with that, so I have a path forward once the built-in subscription lapses.

        This is the one that I saw: https://evplay.io/shop/ev-play-lite-gm

        It's kind of expensive, and there's a non-zero chance that GM does something to block it.

        • bluGill

          today at 2:49 PM

          2024. I refused their privacy policy, so that might be why I'm getting nothing. I don't drive much so I'm worth more to GM than they are to me.

          If GM tries to block it there are a number of ways a lawyer can fight back and likely win. The Magnuson Moss warranty act was historically written about car radios for starters. There are other consumer protection laws as well. You need a good lawyer, but I suspect they will take the case for the expected gains in the return lawsuit. If I were them I'd get a lawyer to write this up in a "white paper" - It would be a few thousand, but it is also something GM will likely see if they think about doing anything.

  • wlesieutre

    today at 12:50 PM

    Honda Prologue is an option if you really like the Ultium SUVs, sadly only a Blazer sized rebadge and no Equinox.

    I do wonder what the outlook for that is now, they were supposed to be a shorter term bridge until Honda had their own EVs but Honda recently killed a bunch of EV plans so maybe the GM partnership sticks around a while?

  • bluGill

    today at 1:23 PM

    I have a blazer ev without it and I agree it is the biggest negative. If I drove 8 hours a day their onstar is better, but if you use a car a reasonable amount it isn't worth a subscription (or setting everything up that is already in the phone)

  • thumbsup-_-

    today at 3:44 PM

    Honestly I'm an apple guy and felt the same until I drove their Blazer EV and loved the native google maps. This is way better than projecting from phone. The native integration knows about car's battery state all the time and auto-suggests stops. Any native map in car do they but they usually aren't good quality maps. In GM's case, the native maps are google maps. I can also sign in on my google account and I don't need internet to use it (in case I'm in a remote area).

    I feel I want every car to have native google maps now.

    • segfaultex

      today at 7:05 PM

      >The native integration knows about car's battery state all the time and auto-suggests stops.

      CarPlay does this on my F150 Lightning. It manages state, preconditioning when routing to a charging stop, will suggest charging stops as I'm routing, etc. etc.

      There's really nothing special about GM's implementation IMO, except that they charge you monthly to access it.

• sidewndr46

  today at 12:50 PM

  Given GM's history with this vehicle, I'd assume any contact with them is an attempt to lay claim to ownership of the vehicle. There's no way I'd even communicate with them

• twobitshifter

  today at 1:31 PM

  I hadn’t heard that they killed the Bolt again! At least there is the 2027 model, which us starting to show up at dealers. With the Iran war, I expect much more interest in EVs right now, so this version of the Bolt may sell out fast.

• kccqzy

  today at 12:44 PM

  GM’s Cadillac is doing alright with EVs: the Optiq, the Lyriq, the Vistiq are all selling well.

  • parpfish

    today at 2:15 PM

    Those names are horrifiq

  • fullstop

    today at 1:17 PM

    Equinox EV is also doing well.

• sanex

  today at 12:34 PM

  You've got it reversed. Honda is rebadging the equinox ev. GM.

  • wlesieutre

    today at 12:52 PM

    Actually a Blazer, not an Equinox

    • Tempest1981

      today at 4:47 PM

      A "Blazer EV", right? Not to be confused with the same-named gas Blazer (built on a different chassis):

      https://www.caranddriver.com/chevrolet/blazer

  • kotaKat

    today at 12:35 PM

    Yeah, and it's still the best thing GM can even build right now. It's an Equinox without GM's bullshit and even includes CarPlay in the package.

    • fullstop

      today at 1:19 PM

      It's based on the Blazer, and is larger than an Equinox EV.

• mediumdave

  today at 1:28 PM

  The Bolt will be back in 2027.

  I'm a huge fan of the Bolt, and I love my 2019. It's a very practical car, and has surprisingly decent range.

  • kotaKat

    today at 1:43 PM

    For approximately one and a half model years.

    https://insideevs.com/news/785214/2027-chevrolet-bolt-limite...

> We are seeing the administration try the same tactics now in 2025 and 2026 to kill EVs,

Interesting… if removing subsidies has caused Ford to write off 20 billion and Honda to announce they took a 15 billion dollar loss mainly on EVs… maybe something is wrong?

I’m in this industry, it’s going to get worse. We’re looking at 2034 vehicles now, and surprise, they’re ICE.

• xp84

  today at 4:13 PM

  Honestly, instead of subsidizing EVs themselves, the government should spend their money on initiatives that make them more attractive, and it should probably be carrots not sticks at this point, because a quick read of the room would indicate that most people reeeeally don’t want to feel bullied into buying an EV that doesn’t fit into their lifestyle.

  Everybody who thinks that we need heavy-handed mandates and to fully eliminate ICE vehicles is just setting themselves up for disappointment.

  • NewJazz

    today at 6:13 PM

    The us govt literally tried carrots (tax credits) and now the new administration is threatening owners with sticks (absurdly high national registration fees).

    Oh, and everyone who couldn't afford an EV complained about the subsidies.

    The easiest way to make EVs more attractive is taxing carbon.

    • linksnapzz

      today at 6:41 PM

      The easiest way to make EVs more attractive is to have a battery w/ the power density of a 14-gallon stamped-steel tank filled with gasoline, at no more than 10% of the total BOM cost of the vehicle.

      • segfaultex

        today at 7:07 PM

        You think making the biggest breakthrough in battery tech is easier than monetary incentives?

        • linksnapzz

          today at 7:14 PM

          It's a difficult thing, but it's only one thing. Paying people to buy & drive cars that they'd otherwise wouldn't isn't a sustainable practice either.

• dotancohen

  today at 2:43 PM

  And in the paragraph after that, the article makes its single reference to Elon Musk, calling him crazy. Completely out of place in the article. It's clear that both the sentence you quote and the following one are there for political purposes, and have nothing to do with the topic at hand. Would not surprise me to learn that the editor threw them in after the article was written - they just have nothing to do with the article.

  • shermantanktop

    today at 2:58 PM

    If Elon can’t be named without someone feeling the need to comment on his behavior, that’s mostly on him. His public persona has made a neutral reference to him into a possible implicit endorsement.

    I agree the comment seemed out of place and I’m speculating about why they put it in, but that’s one reason I would do so. Someone who does a Nazi salute on TV with a bizarre smile on his face is not just another business guy.

    Lee Iacocca didn’t get those comments.

    • thecarbonista

      today at 6:53 PM

      [dead]

  • SV_BubbleTime

    today at 4:51 PM

    >It's clear that both the sentence you quote and the following one are there for political purposes,

    Yes. These people can literally not fucking help themselves.

    I personally see it as a pettiness and weak character that they cannot let ideology drop from the foreground even for a second.

    Again, I’m in this industry. There was a marketing push because they saw a way to easily sell new and second cars even to people it doesn’t work for. Marketing pushed so hard that there’s an equal pushback from reality.

    Nothing to do with Elon or Trump.

Just make sure the lawyers don't get a chance to rewrite history. I think this is mostly an attempt to wash the shame away from what was clearly technology ahead of it's time. They chose poorly and Elon Musk would be an unknown millionaire today if GM decided to continue development of the EV1.

• xp84

  today at 4:16 PM

  This statement doesn’t really seem supported by facts. Battery technology just wasn’t able to make this car for the mass market 25 years ago. GM continuing to keep this very low-volume car in the showrooms for 15 more years at an unattractive price point would not have changed anything. Even if GM had produced a car like the Model S around the same time that Tesla did in our timeline, that would not have guaranteed them anything, nor would it have constrained Tesla’s founders from taking the risk to start that company and succeeding.

  • 1970-01-01

    today at 5:48 PM

    That's an old argument. The Prius hybrid was already running around with the same battery technology. They could have shifted. They could have pivoted. They could have done a very low volume production. The car was killed.

    • linksnapzz

      today at 6:54 PM

      It's the correct argument. Bob Lutz deals with it in one of his books.

      The EV1 was a evaluation exercise/hedge against regulation; the impetus was a lunatic assertion in 1990 by the CA gov't: they wanted 10% of cars sold in the state by 2000 to be electric. Nobody outside of Sacramento thought this would be doable, but it was an excuse to do some useful R&D, as well as to demonstrate to lawmakers the difficulties involved.

      As for the Prius-the Gen I Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive cost $380 million in 1990s dollars for R&D. Anybody at GM trying to spend that kind of money on an experimental(!) powertrain for a low-volume(!!) economy(!!!) car would've been fired. At Toyota, Shoichiro Toyoda was supportive of such an idea, despite the limited opportunity for near-term profit; and if you have that last name at that company, nobody's gonna fire you.

    • NewJazz

      today at 6:17 PM

      Yeah if the volt was released a decade earlier they'd have been a frontrunner in the pure ev space in the late 2010s.

  • coryrc

    today at 5:54 PM

    If they hadn't lobbied to make small cars more expensive because the margins were lower, they could have built a model that was capable of being EV or gasoline, to get economy of scale for most of the vehicle. Well, worked with Daewoo to make a nicer version of the Chevy Aveo which could be a 4-seater gasoline car or 2-seater EV... Well, problem with that idea is the EV-1 was only popular with Hollywood types because it was a statement vehicle, so everybody knew what you were doing. I guess the dual-purpose vehicle would not.

    tl;dr You're right :)